However, commentators and practitioners have often misinterpreted his ideas to assume exactly that. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of. Leadership style theory x shows the autocratic leadership styles in the organization. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. When an organization is structured in a way that assumes theory x is true, there tend to be a great number of managers and supervisors throughout the organization. Theory x and theory y mcgregor and leadership motivation hr. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. It emphasizes that staff are selfdisciplined and would like to do the job themselves 6. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility.
Theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Theory y shows the democratic and supportive leadership styles in the. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Douglas mcgregor then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the manager. Mar 08, 2008 theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2.
He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. This is managements taskin managing subordinate managers or work ers. Theory x and theory y are wellresearched leadership principles. Introduction theory x and y was developed by douglas mcgregor, a social psychologist in 1960. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. If theory y holds, an organization can apply these principles of scientific management to improve employee motivation. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Theory y is mcgregors other modem view of the nature of man. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s.
Small business aykut arslana, selva staubb, a,b halic university, sishane, istanbul, 34420, turkey. Apr 02, 2012 theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and.
Pdf the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on. The author sets forth a model of how theory y relates to managerial style and behavior. May 02, 2017 the difference between theory x and theory y is that theory x employees are associated with negative traits whereas theory y employees are associated with positive traits. Ouchis theory first appeared in his 1981 book, theory z. Mcgregor wrote about theory x and y by thinking about industrial management. In his theory about management attitudes at two opposite poles mcgregors theory x and theory y, he never intended to indicate that x was bad and y good, nor that any leader should find a spot between the two and set up camp. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y.
His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavior. How american management can meet the japanese challenge. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. The climate in a theory x organisation tends to be impersonal and the theory suggests carrot and stick approach to motivation. Sep 09, 2016 douglas mcgregor wrote about theory x and theory y in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Theory x managers tend to take a pessimistic view of their people, and. Categorized under business, management, psychology differences between theory x and theory y. In this article, we are going to talk about the major differences between theory x and theory y.
Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results. While in theory y type organization, the management style is participative, employees are involved decision making, but the power retains to implement decisions. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work. October 2014 theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation, created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s, that. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2.
Make your own animated videos and animated presentations for free. Douglas mcgregor then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the manager s perception of people. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. It contains assumptions which he believed could lead to greater motivation and better fulfillment of both individual needs and organizational goals. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation. Theory x and theory y explains how your perceptions can affect your. Theory x assumes that people have little capacity fo creativity and they are suited for routine work only. In this theory, management assumes that employees are. Leadership styles are determined by the ways in which a leader perceives those under him and the assumptions he holds about human behavior. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles.
Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Kopelman and others published theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories find, read and cite all. He referred to these two perceptions as theory x and theory y. To learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at. Theory x is formulated on the traditional approach to human behavior, which states that severe form of leadership must be used to persuade workers towards achieving the organizational goals. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Theory y, on the other hand, states that work is natural and allows one to express oneself physically. Theory x is the belief that employees are motivated by pay and they need supervision to make sure they get their work done. Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Difference between theory x and theory y compare the. Theory y assumes that people are innovative and creative in all aspects. He also described the behaviour of leaders in two contrasting sets of bliefs.
The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and. Strengths and weaknesses of theory y and theory x leaders. A democratic leadership style arises on the basis of theory y which allows. However, he found that an organisation driven solely by theory y. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both.
Free xy theory test tool personal and organizational pdf. We should emphasize that we have labeled these assumptions as a step beyond theory y because of mcgregors own recognition that the theory y assumptions would probably be supplanted by new. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. Managers assumptions about the behaviour of people are central to this. Theory y, on the other hand, states that work is natural and allows one to express oneself physically and creatively i. In general, many managers influenced by theory x usually generate poor results. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Jan 08, 2015 theory y theory y shows a participation style of management that is decentralized.
For mcgregor, theory x and theory y are not opposite ends of the same continuum, but rather two different continua in themselves. Theory x employees are specialized and the same work cycle continues. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals. Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account. Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home. In theory x type organization, management is authoritarian, and centralized control is maintained. In his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960, mit business professor, douglas mcgregor, proposed two schools of thought on employee motivation. It assumes that employees are happy to work, selfmotivated, creative and enjoy working with greater responsibility. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between.
Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of management and motivation. Jan 28, 2017 theory x assumes that people have little capacity fo creativity and they are suited for routine work only. Learn new career skills every week, plus get a bonus be a successful manager checklist, free. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory x y attitudes and theory x y behaviors. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Theory x and theory y from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia this article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling you can assist by editing it. The author responds to a widespread misinterpretation of theory x and y and presents the position that mcgregors work is, in fact, a contingency approach to management and leadership.
Theory x managers assume that workers are lazy, will avoid responsibility, and prefer to just get. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. However, he found that an organisation driven solely by theory y could not succeed, as some sense of direction and structure was required. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. In order to get the best out of the employees, plenty of management is necessary, meaning the structure of the business can become quite topheavy. May 15, 2017 mcgregor contributed these two sets of assumptions the purposefully impartial labels of theory x and theory y mcgregors accomplishment lay in depicting attention to two contrasting types of managerial attitude. In 1960, douglus and mcgregor described this leadership theory that the activities of leaders are based on their thinking and considerations about the individuals at work. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Rob hyronsdollar photo club leadership styles are determined by the ways in which a leader perceives those under him and the assumptions he holds about human behavior.
The point of my analogy, however, is that the application of theory in this. The result was theory za development beyond theory x and theory y that blended the best of eastern and western management practices. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Mcgregor contributed these two sets of assumptions the purposefully impartial labels of theory x and theory y mcgregors accomplishment lay in depicting attention to two contrasting types of managerial attitude. Theory x is a motivational theory, which involves high supervision and control over the subordinates, and greater degree of centralization.
After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles. Theory x and theory y are descriptions of two extreme managerial styles. This approach is derived from fred fiedlers research over various leadership styles known as the contingency. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Theory y, on the other hand, states that work is natural.
Mcgregors six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of integrating individual and organization goals are congruent with the main planks in my philosophy of life now and at that time. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Theory x assumes that people dislike work and will avoid doing anything they dont have to do. Get an answer for compare the theory x, theory y, and theory z assumptions of human relations. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. In order to achieve the most efficient production, a combination of both theories may be appropriate. With the onslaught of b2b social media, and the break down of formal business approach, business. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Powtoon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume. Many organisations are now taking the enlightened view of theory y.
Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation theory y. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. The purpose of this study is to find the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on research performance of foundation university members in turkey on the number of articles published in science citation index and social science citation index. Jul 08, 2017 on the other extreme, theory y is diametrically opposite to theory x which shows the modern and dynamic approach to individuals and relies on the assumptions that are practical in nature. Theory y, is an advanced theory, wherein it is assumed that the workers are selfdirected and selfmotivated, for growth and development and takes active part in decision making. A boss can be viewed as taking the theory x approach, while a leader takes the theory y approach. In a nutshell, theory x states that people inherently dislike their jobs, see them as a necessary evil, are unmotivated, and must be externally controlled throughout the day by coercion, direction, or threat of punishment. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. On the other hand, managers use theory y produces better performance and results and allows.
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